Image via Wikipedia
He was the first patient of the day, dropped off at the emergency room by the police or a family member Ñ a man in his 50s, unshaved, stumbling, engulfed in the pungent aroma of alcohol.
ÒI getÊseizures,Ó he said, referring to the dangerous reaction some people experience when they abruptly stop drinking. Then, as if to prove it, he held out trembling hands. Each bore the nicks and scars of a hard-lived life.
I looked at the beads of sweat on his brow, then down at his vital signs.ÊHeart rate 120;blood pressure pushing 170/90. Despite his high alcohol level he was already in withdrawal. A medical detoxification Ñ with drugs to counteract the sudden absence of alcohol in his system Ñ was the right first step.
ÒLetÕs admit him,Ó I said to his nurse. Because it was still early, there was a good chance a hospital bed would be available.
Her reply was apologetic but resigned: ÒHeÕs out of network.Ó I winced at my own na?vet?. ÒOut of network,Ó a euphemism for Òinsurance will not pay,Ó was a roadblock I should have anticipated. A nuisance for many patients and would-be providers, it is ubiquitous in the second-class world of substance-abuse treatment, where insurance companies contract with selectedÊhospitals and doctors to deliver care at bargain rates.
We called the few in-network hospitals within a broad radius. One had a bed. But before accepting my patient, the receiving doctor wanted a battery of tests, including an electrocardiogram and laboratory work, to rule out other medical concerns. It would be a day or so before the tests came back.
But the patient was already in withdrawal, I told the doctor. He couldnÕt wait a day.
ÒSorry,Ó he said flatly. ÒHe has to be cleared first. Hospital policy.Ó
I hung up and made a quick calculation. An hour had passed since my patientÕs arrival. If we sent him out now, he might get medically cleared in a few hours, before being transported to the in-network hospital for admission. It would be a rough day, but with any luck, in six hours heÕd be in a bed.
On the way to tell my patient the plan, his nurse caught me. ÒYou know weÕll have to get authorization, too.Ó
And there was the second ugly truth: nearly allÊmental health admissions, no matter the reason, require authorization from insurance companies. Otherwise, the admitting hospital wonÕt get paid. Although this patient wasnÕt coming into my facility, we were the first point of clinical contact; and because I was the one recommending admission, it fell to us to justify that decision to the insurer. The short straw was ours.
A bad situation was beginning to look worse. The insurance company wouldnÕt authorize an admission until my patient had been accepted to a bed, but he couldnÕt be accepted until heÕd been medically cleared.
The sawtooth path to treatment now looked like this: after arriving at my hospital (1), the patient would be sent to a medical emergency room (2) to be cleared, then return to my hospital (1), where he would wait while we obtained insurance authorization before sending him to a psychiatric hospital (3), where, we hoped, heÕd be admitted.
ÒServes me right, I guess,Ó my patient said when I gave him the news.
I smiled, wondering whether heÕd misunderstood what IÕd told him or was simply taking it all in stride. Perhaps heÕd been through this before.
As the ambulance arrived to take him to the other hospitalÕs emergency room, I ordered a dose of lorazepam Ñ aÊsedative to ease his withdrawal symptoms Ñ and wished him well. Then I turned to the next patient waiting to be seen.
About 10 hours later, as I was finishing my shift, my patient returned. HeÕd been cleared and brought back for us to get insurance authorization.
Before he stepped off the gurney, I turned to his nurse.
ÒIÕm already on it,Ó she said.
In the meantime I rechecked his vitals. Still sky-high, so I wrote another prescription for lorazepam. A few minutes later, his nurse approached.
ÒDid we get the authorization?Ó I asked excitedly.
She nodded once and then shook her head with a rueful smile.
ÒWhat is it?Ó I asked.
ÒThe bed at the other hospital. It was already filled.Ó
Physicians in emergency rooms everywhere share the challenge of figuring out where their patients will get the best and most timely care Ñ a medical or a psychiatric floor, the intensive care unit or the surgical suite? But inÊpsychiatry more than in other specialties, it is insurance that is likely to tie a Gordian knot.
In my psychiatric residency, I spent four years learning the intricacies of mental illness and its remedies, the interactions between medications, and the ethical conundrums of involuntary treatment. Yet now that IÕm in my first post-residency job, it turns out I spend much of my time wrangling with insurance companies over what I believe to be appropriate treatment.
And legislative reforms like the recentÊMental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act, while helpful, have yet to be the Alexandrian sword that so many hope for. Too many patients with substance disorders are still unable to get the prompt care they need and deserve.
The nurse and I tried once again to find an inpatient bed, this time broadening our search. But by now it was late in the day and the in-network hospitals were full.
Looking over our own census, I saw we still had two unassigned beds. I sat and wrote admission orders; we would probably end up eating the costs.
The nurse, standing behind me, said, ÒThat seems like the right thing to do.Ó
By PAUL CHRISTOPHER, M.D.
Dr. Paul Christopher is a psychiatrist at Butler Hospital in Providence, R.I.
